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《生物化学原理》

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  • 书籍类别：数理化
  • 书籍标签：数理化
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内容介绍



目录: 

About the authors
A Note on the Nature of Science
Preface

1. The Foundations of Biochemistry
1.1. Cellular Foundations
1.2. Chemical Foundations
1.3. Physical Foundations
1.4. Genetic Foundations
1.5. Evolutionary Foundations

I. STRUCTURE AND CATALYSIS

2. Water
2.1. Weak Interactions in Aqueous Solution
2.2. Ionization of Water, Weak Acids, and Weak Bases
2.3. Buffering against pH Changes in Biological systems
2.4. Water as a Reactant
2.5. The Fitness of the Aqueous Environment for Living Organisms

3. Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins
3.1. Amino Acids
3.2. Peptides and Proteins
3.3. Working with Proteins
3.4. The Structure of Proteins: Primary Structure

4. The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
4.1. Overview of Protein Structure
4.2. Protein Secondary Structure
4.3. Protein Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
4.4. Protein Denaturation and Folding

5. Protein Function
5.1. Reversible Binding of a Protein to a Ligand: Oxygen-Binding Proteins
5.2. Complementary Interactions between Proteins and Ligands: The Immune System and Immunoglobulins
5.3. Protein Interactions Modulated by Chemical Energy: Actin, Myosin, and Molecular Motors

6. Enzymes
6.1. An Introduction to Enzymes
6.2. How Enzymes Work
6.3. Enzyme Kinetics as an Approach to Understanding Mechanism
6.4. Examples of Enzymatic Reactions
6.5. Regulatory Enzymes

7. Garbohydrates and Glycobiology
7.1. Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
7.2. Polysaccharides
7.3. Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
7.4. Carbohydrates as Informational Molecules: The Sugar Code
7.5. Working with Carbohydrates

8. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
8.1. Some Basics
8.2. Nucleic Acid Structure
8.3. Nucleic Acid Chemistry
8.4. Other Functions of Nucleotides

9. DNA-Based Information Technologies
9.1. DNA Clonning: The Basics
9.2. From Genes to Genomes
9.3. From Genomes to Proteomes
9.4. Genome Alterations and New Products of Biotechnology

10. Lipids
10.1. Storage Lipids
10.2. Structural Lipids in Membranes
10.3. Lipids as Signals, Cofactors, and Pigments
10.4. Working with Lipids

11. Biological Membranes and Transport
11.1. The Composition and Architecture of Membranes
11.2. Membrane Dynamics
11.3. Solute Transport across Membranes

12. Biosignaling
12.1. General Features of Signal Transduction
12.2. G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Second Messengers
12.3. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
12.4. Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases, cGMP, and Protein Kinase G
12.5. Multivalent Adaptor Proteins and Membrane Raffts
12.6. Gated Ion Channels
12.7. Integrins: Bidirectional Cell Adhesion Receptors
12.8. Regulation of Transcription by Steroid Hormones
12.9. Signaling in Microorganisms and Plants
12.10. Sensory Transduction in Vision, Olfaction, and Gustation
12.11. Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Protein Kinases
12.12. Oncogenes, Tumor Supressor Genes, and Programmed Cell Death

II BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM

13. Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types
13.1. Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics
13.2. Chemical Logic and Common Biochemical Reactions
13.3. Phosphoryl Group Transfer and ATP
13.4. Biological Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

14. Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
14.1. Glycolysis
14.2. Feeder Pathways for Glycolysis
14.3. Fates of Pyruvate under Anaerobic Conditions: Fermentation
14.4. Glugoneogenesis
14.5. Pentose Phosphate Pathway of Glucose Oxidation

15. Principles of Metabolic Regulation
15.1. Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
15.2. Analysis of Metabolic Control
15.3. Coordinated Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
15.4. The Metabolism of Glycogen in Animals
15.5. Coordinated Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis and Breakdown

16. The Citric Acid Cycle
16.1. Production of Acetyl-CoA (Activated Acetate)
16.2. Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
16.3. Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
16.4. The Glyoxylate Cycle

17. Fatty Acid Catabolism
17.1. Digestion, Mobilization, and Transport of Fats
17.2. Oxidation of Fatty Acids
17.3. Ketone Bodies

18. Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea
18.1. Metabolic Fates of Amino Groups
18.2. Nitrogen Excretion and the Urea Cycle
18.3. Pathways of Amino Acid Degradation

19. Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
19.1. Electron-Transfer Reactions in Mitochondria
19.2. ATP Synthesis
19.3. Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation
19.4. Mitochondria in Thermogenesis, Steroid Synthesis, and Apoptosis
19.5. Mitochondrial Genes: Their Origin and the Effects of Mutations

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: HARVESTING LIGHT ENERGY
19.6. General Features of Photophosphorylation
19.7. Light Absorption
19.8. The Central Photochemical Event: Light-Driven Electron Flow
19.9. ATP Synthesis by Photophosphorylation
19.10. The Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis

20. Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria
20.1. Photosynthetic Carbohydrate Synthesis
20.2. Photorespiration and the C4 and CAM Pathways
20.3. Biosynthesis of Starch and Sucrose
20.4. Synthesis of Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Plant Cellulose and Bacterial Peptidoglycan
20.5. Integration of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Plant Cell

21. Lipid Biosynthesis
21.1. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids
21.2. Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols
21.3. Biosynthesis of Membrane Phospholipids
21.4. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol, Steroids, and Isoprenoids

22. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules
22.1. Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism
22.2. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
22.3. Molecules Derived from Amino Acids
22.4. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides

23. Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism
23.1. Hormones: Diverse Structures for Diverse Functions
23.2. Tissue-Specific Metabolism: The Division of Labour
23.3. Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism
23.4. Obesity and the Regulation of Body Mass
23.5. Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes

III INFORMATIVE PATHWAYS

24. Genes and Chromosomes
24.1. Chromosomal Elements
24.2. DNA Supercoiling
24.3. The Structure of Chromosomes

25. DNA Metabolism
25.1. DNA Replication
25.2. DNA Repair
25.3. DNA Recombination

26. RNA Metabolism
26.1. DNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA
26.2. RNA Processing
26.3. RNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA and DNA

27. Protein Metabolism
27.1. The Genetic Code
27.2. Protein Synthesis
27.3. Protein Targeting and Degradation

28. Regulation of Gene Expression
28.1. Principles of Gene Regulation
28.2. Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria
28.3. Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Appendix A. Common Abbreviations in the Biochemical Research Literature [A-4]
Appendix B. Abbreviated Solutions to Problems [AS-35]
Glossary [G-17]
Credits [C-8]
Index [I-41]

Boxes [given here in toto only for sake of clarity; first number indicates the actual chapter]
Box 1-1 Molecular Weight, Molecular Mass, and Their Correct Units
Box 1-2 Louis Pasteur and Optical Activity: In Vino, Veritas
Box 1-3 Entropy: The Advantages of Being Disorganized
Box 2-1 Medicine: On Being One's Own Rabbit (Don't Try This at Home!)
Box 3-1 Methods: Absorption of Light by Molecules: The Lambert-Beer Law
Box 3-2 Methods: Investigating Proteins with Mass Spectrometry
Box 3-3 Consensus Sequences and Sequence Logos
Box 4-1 Methods: Knowing the Right Hand from the Left
Box 4-2 Permanent Waving is Biochemical Engineering
Box 4-3 Medicine: Why Sailors, Explorers, and College Students Should Eat Their Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
Box 4-4 The Protein Data Bank
Box 4-5 Methods: Methods for Determining the Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
Box 4-6 Medicine: Death by Misfolding: The Prion Diseases
Box 5-1 Medicine: Carbon Monoxide: A Stealthy Killer
Box 6-1 Transformations of Michaelis-Menten Equation: The Double-Reciprocal Plot
Box 6-2 Kinetic Tests for Determining Inhibition Mechanisms
Box 6-3 Evidence for Enzyme-Transition State Complementarity
Box 7-1 Medicine: Blood Glucose Measurements in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes
Box 9-1 A Potent Weapon in Forensic Medicine
Box 9-2 Medicine: The Human Genome and Human Gene Therapy
Box 10-1 Sperm Whales: Fatheads of the Deep
Box 10-2 Medicine: Abnormal Accumulation of Membrane Lipids: Some Inherited Human Diseases
Box 11-1 Methods: Atomic Force Microscopy to Visualize Membrane Proteins
Box 11-2 Medicine: Defective Glucose and Water Transport in Two Forms of Diabetes
Box 11-3 Medicine: A Defective Ion Channel in Cystic Fibrosis
Box 12-1 Methods: Scatchard Analysis Quantifies the Receptor-Ligand Interaction
Box 12-2 Medicine: G Proteins: Binary Switches in Health and Disease
Box 12-3 Methods: FRET: Biochemistry Visualized in a Living Cell
Box 12-4 Medicine: Color Blindness: John Dalton's Experiment from the Grave
Box 12-5 Medicine: Development of Protein Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment
Box 13-1 Firefly Flashes: Glowing Reports of ATP
Box 14-1 Medicine High Rate of Glycolysis in Tumors Suggests Targets for Chemotherapy and Facilitates Diagnosis
Box 14-2 Athletes, Alligators and Coelacanths: Glycolysis at Limiting Concentrations of Oxygen
Box 14-3 Ethanol Fermentations: Brewing Beer and Producing Biofuels
Box 14-4 Medicine: Why Pythagoras Wouldn't Eat Falafel: Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Box 15-1 Methods: Metabolic Control Analysis: Quantitative Aspects
Box 15-2 Isozymes: Different Proteins That Catalyze the Same Reaction
Box 15-3 Medicine: Genetic Mutations That Lead to Rare Forms of Diabetes
Box 15-4 Carl and Gerty Cori: Pioneers in Glycogen Metabolism and Disease
Box 16-1 Moonlightning Enzymes: Proteins with More Than One Job
Box 16-2 Synthases and Synthetases; Ligases and Lyases; Kinases, Phosphatases, and Phosphorylases: Yes, the Names Are Confusing!
Box 16-3 Citrate: A Symmetric Molecule That Reacts Asymmetrically
Box 16-4 Citrate Synthase, Soda Pop, and the World Food Supply
Box 17-1 Fat Bears Carry Out beta Oxidation in Their Sleep
Box 17-2 Coenzyme B12: A Radical Solution to a Perplexing Problem
Box 18-1 Medicine: Assays for Tissue Damage
Box 18-2 Medicine: Scientific Sleuths Solve a Murder Mystery
Box 19-1 Hot, Stinking Plants and Alternative Respiratory Pathways
Box 21-1 Mixed-Function Oxidases, Oxygenases, and Cytochrome P-450
Box 21-2 Medicine: ApoE Alleles Predict Incidence of Alzheimer's Diseases
Box 21-3 Medicine: The Lipid Hypothesis and the Development of Statins
Box 22-1 Unusual Lifestyles of the Obscure but Abundant
Box 22-2 Medicine: On Kings and Vampires
Box 22-3 Medicine: Curing African Sleeping Sickness with a Biochemical Trojan Horse
Box 23-1 Medicine: How Is a Hormone Discovered? The Arduous Path to Purified Insulin
Box 24-1 Medicine: Curing Diseases by Inhibiting Topoisomerases
Box 24-2 Medicine: Epigenetics, Nucleosome Structure, and Histone Variants
Box 25-1 Medicine DNA Repair and Cancer
Box 26-1 Methods: RNA Polymerase Leaves Its Footprint on a Promoter
Box 26-2 Medicine: Fighting AIDS with Inhibitors of HIV Reverse Transcriptase
Box 26-3 Methods: The SELEX Method for Generating RNA Polymers with New Functions
Box 26-4 An Expanding RNA Universe Filled with TUF RNAs
Box 27-1 Exceptions That Prove the Rule: Natural Variations in the Genetic Code
Box 27-2 From an RNA World to a Protein World
Box 27-3 Natural and Unnatural Expansion of the Genetic Code
Box 27-4 Induced Variation in the Genetic Code: Nonsense Suppression
Box 28-1 Of Fins, Wings, Beaks, and Things

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